Methane Gas Does Not Work for the Problem of Climate Change.
Title: Methane Gas Does Not Work
for the Problem of Climate Change.
Author;
PEREZ CASADIEGO ROGELIO:
Summary.
Methane is a greenhouse gas
like carbon dioxide, climate change is mainly due to an increase in the
temperature of the planet. The theory of climate change, teaches that heat on
earth originates mainly after the solar constant, due to a greenhouse effect,
caused by greenhouse gases, which absorb and retain infrared energy (heat), so
the problem of increasing of the temperature on the planet, it is described as
a consequence of an increase in greenhouse gases, which increases the
greenhouse effect (increases heat retention).
The threat of methane for
temperature rise, according to the theory of climate change, is due to the fact
that human activity has increased the amount of methane in the atmosphere,
contributing to climate change. But when we look at the theoretical definitions
of atmospheric temperature, and of ideal gases, (the atmosphere can be
considered as such), we realize that this great threat, which is methane gas,
for the temperature of the atmosphere, can be considered a false threat, based
on bad science.
The temperature according to
thermodynamic physics is defined; As the measurement of the average kinetic
movement of the gas molecules in the atmosphere, knowing that, for every
million molecules in the atmosphere there are 1.7 methane molecules, it is not
necessary to be a good mathematician, to know that in the measurement of this on
average, methane is not very important.
Also, in 1787 gas law was
discovered, which relates the volume and temperature of a certain amount of gas
at constant pressure, Charles discovered that the volume of gas at constant
pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (in Kelvin): V =
k • T (k is a constant). It turns out that the volume of methane gas is one of
the smallest in the atmosphere, which means that the volume of methane gas is
significant for the increase in the temperature of the atmosphere, is contrary
to this theory.
Now many say that the
importance of methane in the temperature of the atmosphere, lies in its ability
to absorb infrared, but this is contrary to thermodynamic science, since the
kinetic energy of gases is directly proportional to temperature, so , the
temperature of the atmosphere is the measurement of the average kinetic
movement of the molecules of the atmosphere, so that the increase in
temperature in gases such as the atmosphere is not due to the absorption or
retention of infrared, but to the increase in atmospheric molecular motion,
Besides the increase in temperature, it is always a product of the
transformation of other energies.
On the bad idea that
infrared energy is the cause of the increase in the temperature of the
atmosphere, we must remember that 99.9% (Nitrogen 78%. Oxygen 21%, Argon 0.9% =
99.9%) of the gases in the atmosphere does not absorb infrared (heat), so that
the infrared does not cause an increase in the velocities of the molecules of
the atmosphere to produce an increase in temperature, because the increase in
infrared must be the product of other energy, if this occurs then, the increase
of the temperature in the atmosphere was self-sufficient and unstoppable,
because the gases in the atmosphere would not only absorb the infrared (heat)
emitted by the earth, but also its own infrared (heat) emitted by the kinetic
movement of its own molecules.
In addition to the evidence
of 6 sigma or 99.99%, that methane gas has not had any influence on the process
of temperature increase of the planet, as a result of the increase in the
molecular kinetic movement in the atmosphere, being only 1.7 parts in 1,
000,000 molecules.
Figure 1. Relationship of
the sigma level and the amount of methane in the atmosphere.
Introduction. In
the world it is under the effects of global warming, which we also understand
under the concept of climate change. The problem of climate change is mainly
due to an increase in the temperature of the planet. The temperature of the
planet can be understood mainly as the average speed of the molecules of the
atmosphere, by the absorption of the energies emanated by the sun or another
source. Then we understand that an increase in the speed of the molecules, by
an increase in the absorption of energy, or the increase in the molecules that
cause heat in the atmosphere, could lead to an increase in the temperature of
the planet, and cause heating global. The climatic theory teaches us that the
average temperature of the planet after the solar constant would be -27ºC, but
thanks to the gases that absorb and retain heat, sending it to the earth, the
average temperature of the planet is at 15ºC, this process describes it as a
greenhouse effect, and global warming describes it as an increase in the
greenhouse effect, because of the increase in gases that cause this effect, due
to human activity, and points to fossil fuels as the main threat to the planet.
New vision of the problem.
When we observe that 99.9% (Nitrogen 78%. Oxygen 21%, Argon 0.9% = 99.9%) of
the atmosphere molecule, do not absorb infrared (heat), that heat is a
consequence of the kinetic movement of 100% of the molecules or atoms of any
body, and that the increase in temperature, is always caused by the
transformation of other types of energy other than infrared (heat), in the case
of the atmosphere the increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules Of gas.
then we understand that the so-called greenhouse effect is not effective for
heating the atmosphere, because the volume of the gases that absorb infrared
(heat) equals only 0.04% of all the molecules in the atmosphere, based on the
laws of shawls for the gases, the temperature of the atmosphere is directly
proportional to the volume, and a trace as small as responsible for the
temperature and the increase of this, of the great mixture that is the
atmosphere, is contrary to logic, thermodynamics and laws of the gases, with
which we understand the kinetic movement of this small volume of gases, not
only, it is not significant for the planet's temperature, but it will hardly
cause an increase in temperature.
This work is based on the
scientific concepts of temperature, we also apply the sigma levels, to the
process of heat production (kinetic movement of the molecules) of the
atmosphere, to conclude that methane gas is not significant for the increase of
the planet temperature. But the oxygen (21%) of the gases in the atmosphere, by
absorbing ultraviolet energy, increases the speed of its molecules, increasing
the temperature in the planet's atmosphere, causing heat, in addition oxygen is
a highly reactive gas, which It is the only gas in the atmosphere, which by
physicochemical processes (ionization) causes light and heat in the upper
layers of the atmosphere, oxygen causes heat directly when it is ionized,
because it converts the atmosphere into an electrical conductor, therefore the
increase of kinetic energy of the molecules of the atmosphere, by the
absorption of ultraviolet energy, becomes heat, the Joule effect explains this,
as an irreversible phenomenon by which, if a conductor circulates electric
current, part of the energy Electron kinetics is transformed into heat. as the
greatest amount of oxygen is found in the lower layer of the atmosphere, known
as the troposphere, where ultraviolet energy is also present in all
wavelengths, although in a smaller percentage those of higher energy level.
Statement
of Theory and Definitions.
Heat, q,
is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system that are
in contact. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms
or molecules in the system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics says that no heat
is transferred between two objects in thermal equilibrium; therefore, they are
the same temperature.
We can
calculate the heat released or absorbed using the specific heat capacity C, the
mass of the substance, m, and the change in temperature, ΔT in the equation: q=m×C×ΔT
Heat and temperature are two different but closely
related concepts. Note that they have different units: temperature typically
has units of degrees Celsius (
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy
of the atoms or molecules in the system. The water molecules in a cup of hot
coffee have a higher average kinetic energy than the water molecules in a cup
of iced tea, which also means they are moving at a higher velocity.
Temperature is also an intensive property, which means
that the temperature doesn't change no matter how much of a substance you have
(as long as it is all at the same temperature!). This is why chemists can use
the melting point to help identify a pure substance the temperature at which it melts is a property of
the substance with no dependence on the mass of a sample. 2
The equipartition theorem relates the
temperature of a system to its average energies. It makes quantitative
predictions, provides the total kinetic and potential energies for a system at
a given temperature, from which the heat capacity of the system can be
calculated. However, the equipartition also provides the average values of
individual energy components, such as the kinetic energy of a particular
particle or the potential energy of a single spring. For example, it predicts
that each atom in an ideal monoatomic gas has an average kinetic energy of
(3/2) k B T in thermal equilibrium, where k B is Boltzmann's constant and Te
the temperature (thermodynamics)31
The problem of methane
according to the theory of climate change is that human activity has increased
the amount of methane in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.
Methane is particularly problematic since its impact is 34 times greater than
CO2 over a period of 100 years, according to the latest IPCC evaluation report.
An important source of man-made methane emissions is the production of fossil
fuels. For example, methane is a key byproduct of the rapid increase in the
extraction and global processing of natural gas. Other main sources of methane
come from the digestive process of cattle and landfills, which emit it as the
waste decomposes.[i]
The temperature is a
magnitude referred to the notion of heat measurable by means of a thermometer.
In physics, it is defined as a scalar magnitude related to the internal energy
of a thermodynamic system, defined by the zero principle of thermodynamics.
More specifically, it is directly related to the part of the internal energy
known as kinetic energy, which is the energy associated with the movements of
the system particles, either in a translational, rotational sense, or in the
form of vibrations. As the kinetic energy of a system increases, it is observed
that it is "hotter"; that is, its temperature is higher. In
the case of a solid, the movements in question turn out to be the vibrations of
the particles at their sites within the solid. In the case of an ideal
monoatomic gas it is the translational movements of its particles (for
multiatomic gases the rotational and vibrational movements must also be taken
into account)[ii]
Figure 2. Molecular movement
that causes infrared.
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatura
Heat is sometimes called a
process magnitude, because it is defined in the context of a process by which
energy can be transferred. We do not say that a cup of coffee contains heat,
but we can talk about the heat transferred from the cup of hot coffee to your
hand. Heat is also an extensive property, so the temperature change that
results from transferring heat to a system depends on how many molecules are in
the system.[iii]
The law of zero of
thermodynamics says that no heat is transferred between two objects in thermal
equilibrium; Therefore, they are at the same temperature.[iv]
Six SIGMA is a process
improvement methodology created at Motorola by the engineer Bill Smith in the
80s, this methodology is focused on reducing variability, reducing or
eliminating defects or failures in the delivery of a product or customer
service.
From a statistical point of
view Six sigma is a metric that allows measuring and describing a process,
product or service with an extremely high process capacity (99.9997% accuracy).
Six sigma means "six standard deviations from the mean", which
translates mathematically to less than 3.4 defects per million opportunities
(DPMO)[v]
What is sigma?
Sigma (σ) is a statistical
unit of measurement, used to define the standard deviation of a population,
this measures the variation of a set of data and is calculated with the
standard deviation.
What is the sigma level?
The sigma level is an
indicator of variation which corresponds to how many standard deviations fit
between the process specification limits.
What is DPMO?
It is the actual number of
defects observed, extrapolated to every million defect opportunities. The first
thing worth considering is that Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO).
How is the DPMO calculated?
The first step is to define
the quality criteria or opportunities for defects; then a representative sample
of units must be taken and measured against the quality criteria
The DPMO is calculated
according to the following formula:
Where:
D = Number of defects
observed in the sample.
U = Number of units in the
sample (sample size).
O = Opportunities for
defects per unit.
DPMO and Sigma Level
Depending on the objective
level established as a goal by the company, a DPMO is related, for example, in
Six sigma the objective is to make the DPMO lower than 3.4.
Once the DPMO has been
obtained, the process performance (Yield) and the Sigma Level of the process
can be found, using the following formulas[vi]:
DPO = Defects by
opportunity.
Yield = Process performance.
Figure 3. Example of six
sigma.
To know the Sigma Level
(Process Sigma) we can look for the value of the Yield in the following table:
Figure 4. Abbreviated six
sigma process.
APPLICATION OF THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD FOR IMPROVING QUALITY What cannot be measured ... cannot be
managed and therefore cannot be improved. Lord Kelvin formalized the need to
measure a scientific fact in order to progress in his knowledge.
“If you can measure what you
are talking about, and if you can express it by a number, then you may think
you know something; but if you can't measure it, your knowledge will be poor
and unsatisfactory”[vii]
In quality and reliability
engineering, the scientific method can be applied to problem solving. That is,
the empirical knowledge of a cause - effect relationship (model) that explains
aspects such as failure, value of the quality characteristic obtained, etc. is
sought. (observed phenomenon). For this, observed data are analyzed, in the
same way that astronomers did to formulate the laws of celestial mechanics, and
their compatibility with the proposed cause - effect relationship is
contrasted.
In the same way that current
scientific research is not limited to the mere observation of phenomena and
uses experimental techniques to force and test the model, in quality and
reliability engineering we also make use of experimentation that allows us to
draw conclusions . This experimentation can be supported by statistical tools
that increase its effectiveness (statistical design of experiments). Six Sigma
is based on the application of the scientific method to: ♦ Provide statistical
evidence (data) that the supposed cause of the “problem” is really the “cause
of the problem”. ♦ Idem in relation to the “solution of the problema.[viii]
Terrestrial
Atmosphere
Surface pressure: 1014
mbSurface density: 1.217 kg/m3Scale height: 8.5 kmTotal mass of
atmosphere: 5.1 x 1018 kgTotal mass of
hydrosphere: 1.4 x 1021 kgAverage
temperature: 288 K (15 C)Diurnal
temperature range: 283 K to 293 K (10 to 20 C)Wind speeds: 0 to 100 m/sMean
molecular weight: 28.97 Atmospheric composition (by volume, dry air): Major
: 78.08% Nitrogen (N2), 20.95% Oxygen (O2), Minor (ppm): Argon (Ar) - 9340; Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) - 410 Neon
(Ne) - 18.18; Helium (He) - 5.24; CH4 - 1.7 Krypton (Kr) - 1.14; Hydrogen
(H2) - 0.55 Numbers do not add up to
exactly 100% due to roundoff and uncertainty
Water is highly variable, typically makes up about 1%.[ix]
Parts per million (ppm) is
the unit frequently used to measure the volume that small quantities of
elements (also called trace) occupy, within a mixture.
Charles's Law (relationship
between temperature and volume).Under isobaric conditions, the temperature of
an ideal gas is directly proportional to its volume .[x]
For example: When liquid
nitrogen (-196 ° C) is poured onto a balloon, the gas inside the balloon cools
and the volume decreases.
Figure 5. Example of Charles
law
Ionization It is the
chemical or physical phenomenon by which ions are produced, these are
electrically charged atoms or molecules due to the excess or lack of electrons
with respect to a neutral atom or molecule.[xi]
The composition of the
Earth's atmosphere. The planet's atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, which
is an inert gas that generally does not react with other substances. 21%
oxygen, which is a highly reactive gas. 9% argon and 01% other gases. Almost
all of the air (95%) is less than 30 km high, being more than 75% in the
troposphere. The air forms a homogeneous mixture of gases in the troposphere to
the point that its behavior is equivalent to what it would have if it were
composed of a single gas.
Ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolet radiation or UV radiation is called electromagnetic radiation whose
wavelength is covered approximately between 400 nm (4x10-7 m) and 15 Nm
(1.5x10-8 m). Most of the ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth is
produced in the UV-C, UV-B and UV-A forms; mainly in the latter, due to
absorption by the atmosphere. These ranges are related to the damage they
produce in humans: UV-C (the most harmful to life) reaches the earth to be
absorbed by oxygen, ozone in the atmosphere and a minimum percentage reaches
the oceans; UV-B radiation is partially absorbed by ozone and only reaches the
surface of the earth in a minimum percentage, although it can cause damage to
the skin.[xii]
Increase in ultraviolet
radiation NASA scientists who analyzed 30 years of satellite data found that
the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the earth's surface has
increased significantly over the past three decades. Most of the increase has
occurred in the middle and high latitudes, and there has been little or no
increase in tropical regions.[xiii]
The researchers speculate
that this increase in the flow of ultraviolet light may have been caused by
depletion of the ozone layer, as a result of the increase in aerosols due to
seasonal storms and fires in the area. In addition, there was a large solar
flare only two weeks before a higher UV flow was recorded. Although the
evidence that relates the solar event to the radiation record is only
circumstantial, it is known that the particles of these eruptions affect
atmospheric chemistry and may increase the depletion of the ozone layer.[xiv]
Recently published research
examines changes in ultraviolet (UV) radiation in Australia over a period of
fifty years (1959-2009). The research found that there has been a total annual
increase in ultraviolet radiation levels from 2 percent to 6 percent since the
1990s, to places throughout Australia.[xv]
Presentation
of Data and Results.
Knowing that temperature is
the measure of the average speed of the molecules or atoms of a body, in the
atmosphere this process can be measured, because we know the number of parts
per million, of each of the different gases that make up the atmosphere.
This work attempts to
measure the influence of methane gas molecules, on the average of the kinetic
movement of the atmosphere's gas molecules, based on the Six Sigma methodology
for the processes, seeking to know the cause - effect, to explain aspects on how
methane (CH4) influences the production of atmospheric heat, through its
quantity of molecules the atmosphere. classifying the influence of methane gas
molecules(CH4), in the total kinetic movement, which produces heat in the
atmosphere, based on the sigma level, in order to know their possible influence
on the increase in atmospheric temperature
The first thing we will find
is the DPMO Defects Per Million Opportunities.
Starting from the idea that
for every 1000,000 gas molecules in the atmosphere, there are 1.7 molecules
methane (CH4) .
Figure 6. Amount of CH4in
the atmosphere.
In our work the DPMO is as
follows:
D = 1.7 defects.
U = 1,000.000 units.
O = 1 opportunities.
DPMO= 1.000.000 X 1.7/
1.000.000 X 1 = 1.7
Under the conditions of the
production process heat by the kinetic motion of the gas molecules in the
atmosphere, it can be found 1.7 opportunities methane (CH4) molecules in
motion, per million moving molecules in the atmosphere.
Once the DPMO has been
obtained, the process performance (Yield) and the Sigma Level.
DPO = 1.7/ (1.000.000 x 1)
DPO = 0,0000017
Yield % = (1 - 0,0000017) x
100
Yield % = 99,9998
To know the Sigma Level
(Process Sigma) we can look for the Yield value in the following table: that
for the Yiel value of 99.9998, it is equivalent to 6 sigma levels.
Figure 7. Abbreviated six
sigma process for methane (CH4)
In this work we conclude
that the temperature in the atmosphere is a consequence of the kinetic movement
of all the molecules of the atmosphere, and not the consequence of retention or
absorption of heat from a small trace of gases in the atmosphere, known as
greenhouse gases.
We can say that according to
the value of the Yield in the performance of the process of the kinetic
movement of gas molecules in the atmosphere, to produce heat in the atmosphere,
without the influence of the kinetic movement of methane (CH4), it reaches the
level of 6 sigma, or 99.9998%.
For those who believe that
methane (CH4) is responsible for the increase in the temperature in the atmosphere,
from these data it can also be concluded that methane (CH4) is not responsible
for the temperature of the atmosphere with an accuracy of 99.9998%.
This level of 6 sigma is
known as the Major Standard in science, in order to validate a discovery.
Therefore, the threat of methane gas for the temperature of the atmosphere does
not exist.
It is also concluded that
the increase in the temperature in the atmosphere is a consequence of the
increase in the kinetic movement of all gases within the atmosphere, and not
only of small quantities such as Methane CH4, and CO2.
The absorption of
ultraviolet energy by 21% of the gases in the atmosphere, in this case oxygen
gas, is the best way to explain the heat in the earth, and also the explanation
of global warming, because oxygen is a lot of percentage more abundant than
greenhouse gases, equivalent to 21% of the entire atmosphere, This process
operates as follows in the atmosphere, oxygen causes heat directly when it is
ionized, because oxygen becomes a conductor of electricity in the air,
therefore it increases the kinetic movement of the atmosphere's gas molecules,
increasing the heat, the Joule effect explains this, as an irreversible
phenomenon whereby, if a conductor circulates electric current, part of the
kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat.
[i] https://unfccc.int/news/new-methane-signs-underline-urgency-to-reverse-emissions
2 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat
31 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/eqpar.html
31 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/eqpar.html
[ii] https://www.fisicalab.com/apartado/calor#contenidos
[iii] https://es.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat
[iv]
https://es.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat
[v] https://www.monografias.com/trabajos101/calidad-basado-sistema-6-sigma/calidad-basado-sistema-6-sigma.shtml
[vi] https://www.ingenieriaindustrialonline.com/herramientas-para-el-ingeniero-industrial/gesti%C3%B3n-y-control-de-calidad/nivel-sigma-y-dpmo/
[vii] https://akifrases.com/autor/william-thomson
[viii]
https://web.cortland.edu/matresearch/SeisSigma.pdf
[ix] https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html
[x] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZduXmVPe1I
[xi] https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricidad_atmosf%C3%A9rica
[xii] https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_ultravioleta
[xiii]
https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/uv-exposure.html
[xiv]
http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/7957/20140708/depleting-ozone-may-lead-to-increased-ultraviolet-radiation-on-earth.htm
[xv]
http://www.sunsmart.com.au/about/media-campaigns/media-releases/2012-media-releases/media_release_20120916.html
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